ASTM Antarabangsa, formerly known as American Society for Testing and Materials, is an international standards organization that develops and publishes voluntary consensus technical standards for a wide range of materials, products, sistem, and services.ASTM was originally known as the American Society of the International Association for Testing and Materials when it was created in 1898 by Pennsylvania Railroad engineers and scientists. Its purpose was to address and prevent the frequent rail breaks that were plaguing the industry by developing standards that would ensure higher quality rail products.

ASTM’s steel standards are instrumental in classifying, evaluating, and specifying the material, kimia, mechanical, and metallurgical properties of the different types of steels, which are primarily used in the production of mechanical components, industrial parts, and construction elements, as well as other accessories related to them.

A pipe is a tubular section or hollow cylinder, usually but not necessarily of circular cross-section, used mainly to convey substances which can flow — liquids and gases (fluids), slurries, powders, masses of small solids. It can also be used for structural applications; hollow pipe is far stiffer per unit weight than solid members.

These steel standards are helpful in guiding metallurgical laboratories and refineries, product manufacturers, and other end-users of steel and its variants in their proper processing and application procedures to ensure quality towards safe use.

Abbr. Corresponding Application
A53 ASTM A53/A53m-99b specification for pipe, keluli, hitam dan celup panas, bersalut zink, dikimpal dan lancar
A74 ASTM A74-98 specification for cast iron soil pipe and fittings
A106 ASTM A106-99e1 specification for seamless carbon steel pipe for high-temperature service
A126 ASTM A126-95e1 specification for grey iron castings for valves, bebibir, and pipe fittings
A134 ASTM A134-96 specification for pipe, keluli, electric-fusion (arc)-dikimpal (sizes nps 16 dan lebih
A135 ASTM A135-97c specification for electric-resistance-welded steel pipe
A139 ASTM A139-96e1 specification for electric-fusion (arc)-welded steel pipe (nps 4 dan lebih)
A182 ASTM A182/A182m-99 specificationfor forged or rolled alloy-steel pipe flanges, forged fittings, and valves and parts for high-temperature service
A252 ASTM A252-98 specification for welded and seamless steel pipe piles
A312 ASTM A312/a312m-00 specification for seamless and welded austenitic stainless steel pipes
A333 ASTM A333/A333m-99 specification for seamless and welded steel pipe for low-temperature service
A335 ASTM A335/A335m-99 specification for seamless ferritic alloy-steel pipe for high-temperature service
A338 ASTM A338-84(1998) specificationfor malleable iron flanges, pipe fittings, and valve parts for railroad, marin, and other heavy duty service at temperatures up to 650°f (345°c)
A358 ASTM A358/A358m-98 specification for electric-fusion-welded austenitic chromium-nickel alloy steel pipe for high-temperature service
A369 ASTM A369/A369m-92 specification for carbon and ferritic alloy steel forged and bored pipe for high-temperature service
A376 A376/A376m-98 specification for seamless austenitic steel pipe for high-temperature central-station service
A377 ASTM A377-99 index of specifications for ductile-iron pressure pipe
A409 ASTM A409/A409m-95ae1 specification for welded large diameter austenitic steel pipe for corrosive or high-temperature service
A426 ASTM A426-92(1997) specification for centrifugally cast ferritic alloy steel pipe for high-temperature service
A451 ASTM A451-93(1997) specification for centrifugally cast austenitic steel pipe for high-temperature service
A523 ASTM A523-96 specification for plain end seamless and electric-resistance-welded steel pipe for high-pressure pipe-type cable circuits
A524 ASTM A524-96 specification for seamless carbon steel pipe for atmospheric and lower temperatures
A530 ASTM A530/A530m-99 specification for general requirements for specialized carbon and alloy steel pipe
A648 ASTM A648-95e1 specification for steel wire, hard drawn for prestressing concrete pipe
A674 ASTM A674-95 practice for polyethylene encasement for ductile iron pipe for water or other liquids
A691 ASTM A691-98 specification for carbon and alloy steel pipe, electric-fusion-welded for high-pressure service at high temperatures
A694 ASTM A694/A694m-00 specification for carbon and alloy steel forgings for pipe flanges, fittings, injap, and parts for high-pressure transmission service
A716 ASTM A716-99 specification for ductile iron culvert pipe
A733 ASTM A733-99 specification for welded and seamless carbon steel and austenitic stainless steel pipe nipples
A742 ASTM A742/A742m-98 specification for steel sheet, metallic coated and polymer precoated for corrugated steel pipe
A746 ASTM A746-99 specification for ductile iron gravity sewer pipe
A760 ASTM A760/A760m-99 specification for corrugated steel pipe, metallic-coated for sewers and drains
a761 ASTM A761/A761m-98 specification for corrugated steel structural plate, bersalut zink, for field-bolted pipe, pipe-arches, and arches
A762 ASTM A762/A762m-98 specification for corrugated steel pipe, polymer precoated for sewers and drains
A790 ASTM A790/A790m-99 specification for seamless and welded ferritic/austenitic stainless steel pipe
A796 ASTM A796/A796m-99 practice for structural design of corrugated steel pipe, pipe-arches, and arches for storm and sanitary sewers and other buried applications
A798 ASTM A798/A798m-97a practice for installing factory-made corrugated steel pipe for sewers and other applications
A807 ASTM A807/A807m-97 practice for installing corrugated steel structural plate pipe for sewers and other applications
A810 ASTM A810-94 specification for zinc-coated (tergalvani) steel pipe winding mesh
A813 ASTM A813/A813m-95e2 specification for single- or double-welded austenitic stainless steel pipe
A814 ASTM A814/A814m-96 (1998) specification for cold-worked welded austenitic stainless steel pipe
A849 ASTM A849-99 specification for post-applied coatings, pavings, and linings for corrugated steel sewer and drainage pipe
A861 ASTM A861-94e1 specification for high-silicon iron pipe and fittings
A862 ASTM A862/A862m-98 practice for application of asphalt coatings to corrugated steel sewer and drainage pipe
A865 ASTM A865-97 specification for threaded couplings, keluli, black or zinc-coated (tergalvani) welded or seamless, for use in steel pipe joints
A872 ASTM A872-91 (1997) specification for centrifugally cast ferritic/austenitic stainless steel pipe for corrosive environments
A885 ASTM A885/A885m-96 specification for steel sheet, zinc and aramid fiber composite coated for corrugated steel sewer, culvert, and underdrain pipe
A888 ASTM A888-98e1 specification for hubless cast iron soil pipe and fittings for sanitary and storm drain, waste, and vent piping applications
A926 ASTM A926-97 test method for comparing the abrasion resistance of coating materials for corrugated metal pipe
A928 ASTM A928/A928m-98 specification for ferritic/austenitic (duplex) stainless steel pipe electric fusion welded with addition of filler metal
A929 ASTM A929/A929m-97 specification for steel sheet, metallic-coated by the hot-dip process for corrugated steel pipe
A930 ASTM A930-99 practice for life-cycle cost analysis of corrugated metal pipe used for culverts, storm sewers, and other buried conduits
A943 ASTM A943/A943m-95e1 specification for spray-formed seamless austenitic stainless steel pipes
A949 ASTM A949/A949m-95e1 specification for spray-formed seamless ferritic/austenitic stainless steel pipe
A954 ASTM A954-96 specification for austenitic chromium-nickel-silicon alloy steel seamless and welded pipe
A972 ASTM A972/A972m-99 specification for fusion bonded epoxy-coated pipe piles
A978 ASTM A978/A978m-97 specification for composite ribbed steel pipe, precoated and polyethylene lined for gravity flow sanitary sewers, storm sewers, and other special applications
A984 ASTM A984/A984m-00 specification for steel line pipe, black, plain-end, electric-resistance-welded
A998 ASTM A998/A998m-98 practice for structural design of reinforcements for fittings in factory-made corrugated steel pipe for sewers and other applications
A999 A999/A999m-98 specification for general requirements for alloy and stainless steel pipe
A1005 ASTM A1005/A1005m-00 specification for steel line pipe, black, plain end, longitudinal and helical seam, double submerged-arc welded
A1006 ASTM A1006/A1006m specification for steel line pipe, black, plain end, laser beam welded

Steel Tubes

Pemanas lampau, Boiler and Miscellaneous Tubes:

• A178 – A178/A178M-95 – Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Carbon Steel and Carbon-Manganese Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes
• A179 – A179/A179M-90a (1996) e1 – Specification for Seamless Cold-Drawn Low-Carbon Steel Heat-Exchanger and Condenser Tubes
• A192 – A192/A192M-91 (1996) e1 – Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Boiler Tubes for High-Pressure Service
• A209 – A209/A209M-98 – Specification for Seamless Carbon-Molybdenum Alloy-Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes
• A210 – A210/A210M-96 – Specification for Seamless Medium-Carbon Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes
• A213 – A213/A213M-99a – Specification for Seamless Ferritic and Austenitic Alloy-Steel Boiler, Pemanas lampau, dan Tiub Penukar Haba
• A249 – A249/A249M-98e1 – Specification for Welded Austenitic Steel Boiler, Pemanas lampau, Penukar Haba, dan Tiub Pemeluwap
• A250 – A250/A250M-95 – Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Ferritic Alloy-Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes
• A254 – A254-97 – Specification for Copper-Brazed Steel Tubing
• A268 – A268/A268M-96 – Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic and Martensitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service
• A269 – A269-98 – Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service
• A270 – A270-98ae1 – Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Sanitary Tubing
• A334 – A334/A334M-99 – Specification for Seamless and Welded Carbon and Alloy-Steel Tubes for Low-Temperature Service
• A423 – A423/A423M-95 – Specification for Seamless and Electric-Welded Low-Alloy Steel Tubes
• A450 – A450/A450M-96a – Specification for General Requirements for Carbon, Aloi Feritik, dan Tiub Keluli Aloi Austenitik
• A608 – A608-91a (1998) – Spesifikasi untuk Tiub Aloi Tinggi Besi Tuang Empar-Kromium-Nikel untuk Aplikasi Tekanan pada Suhu Tinggi
• A618 – A618-99 – Spesifikasi untuk Tiub Struktur Aloi Rendah Dikimpal Panas dan Lancar Kekuatan Tinggi
• A632 – A632-98 – Spesifikasi untuk Tiub Keluli Tahan Karat Austenitik Lancar dan Dikimpal (Kecil-Diameter) untuk Perkhidmatan Am
• A688 – A688/A688M-98 – Spesifikasi untuk Tiub Pemanas Air Suapan Keluli Tahan Karat Austenitik Dikimpal
• A771 – A771/A771M-95 – Spesifikasi untuk Tiub Keluli Tahan Karat Austenitik dan Martensitik Lancar untuk Komponen Teras Reaktor Disejukkan Logam Cecair
• A778 – A778-98 – Spesifikasi untuk Dikimpal, Unanneled Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubular Products
• A789 – A789/A789M-00 – Spesifikasi untuk Tiub Keluli Tahan Karat Feritik/Austenit Lancar dan Dikimpal untuk Perkhidmatan Am
• A803 – A803/A803M-98 – Spesifikasi untuk Tiub Pemanas Air Suapan Keluli Tahan Karat Feritik Dikimpal
• A822 – A822-90 (1995) e1 – Spesifikasi untuk Tiub Keluli Karbon Dilukis Sejuk Lancar untuk Perkhidmatan Sistem Hidraulik
• A826 – A826/A826M-95 – Spesifikasi untuk Tiub Salur Keluli Tahan Karat Austenitik dan Martensitik Lancar untuk Komponen Teras Reaktor Disejukkan Logam Cecair
• A847 – A847-99a – Spesifikasi untuk Kekuatan Tinggi Kimpalan Bentuk Sejuk dan Lancar, Tiub Struktur Aloi Rendah dengan Rintangan Kakisan Atmosfera yang Diperbaiki
• A908 – A908-91 (1998) – Spesifikasi untuk Tiub Jarum Keluli Tahan Karat

• A953 – A953-96 – Spesifikasi untuk Austenitic Chromium-Nikel-Silicon Aloi Steel Lancar dan Tiub Dikimpal –

Catatan Berkaitan

Tiub bulat hitam ms erw pelbagai fungsi

Paip ERW BLACK. Rintangan Elektrik Dikimpal (ERW) Paip dihasilkan daripada Gegelung Gelek Panas / Celah. Semua gegelung yang masuk disahkan berdasarkan sijil ujian yang diterima daripada kilang keluli untuk sifat kimia dan mekanikalnya. Paip ERW dibentuk sejuk menjadi bentuk silinder, tidak berbentuk panas.

ERW paip keluli bulat hitam

Paip lancar dihasilkan dengan menyemperit logam ke panjang yang dikehendaki; oleh itu paip ERW mempunyai sambungan dikimpal pada keratan rentasnya, manakala paip lancar tidak mempunyai sebarang sambungan pada keratan rentasnya sepanjang panjangnya. Dalam paip lancar, tiada kimpalan atau sambungan dan dihasilkan daripada bilet bulat pepejal.

Dimensi dan berat Paip lancar mengikut piawaian

The 3 elemen dimensi paip Dimensi Piawaian paip karbon dan keluli tahan karat (ASME B36.10M & B36.19M) Jadual Saiz Paip (Jadual 40 & 80 paip keluli bermakna) Cara Saiz Paip Nominal (NPS) dan Diameter Nominal (DN) Carta Dimensi Paip Keluli (Carta saiz) Jadual Kelas Berat Paip (WGT)

Paip Keluli dan Proses Pembuatan

Paip lancar dihasilkan menggunakan proses menindik, di mana bilet pepejal dipanaskan dan ditebuk untuk membentuk tiub berongga. Paip yang dikimpal, sebaliknya, dibentuk dengan mencantumkan dua tepi plat keluli atau gegelung menggunakan pelbagai teknik kimpalan.

Paip keluli senarai UL

Paip keluli karbon sangat tahan terhadap kejutan dan getaran yang menjadikannya ideal untuk mengangkut air, minyak & gas dan cecair lain di bawah jalan raya. Dimensi Saiz: 1/8″ hingga 48″ / Ketebalan DN6 hingga DN1200: Sch 20, STD, 40, XS, 80, 120, 160, Jenis XXS: Permukaan paip lancar atau dikimpal: Primer, Minyak anti karat, FBE, 2PE, 3Bahan Bersalut LPE: ASTM A106B, A53, API 5L B, X42, X46, X52, X56, X60, X65, Perkhidmatan X70: Memotong, Beveling, Pengulangan, Grooving, Salutan, Galvanizing

Perbezaan Antara Galvanizing Hot-Dip dan Pra-Galvanizing

The other main reason hot-dip galvanizing provides better corrosion protection is that the coating is applied during the fabrication process before the steel is installed. This means that any areas that are cut or damaged during installation will still have a protective coating. Other methods of galvanizing, like pre-galvanizing, coat the steel before it is cut and fabricated. This leaves any areas that are cut or damaged during installation vulnerable to rust and corrosion.