Çelik Boru ve İmalat Süreçleri
giriiş
The advent of rolling mill technology and its development during the first half of the nineteenth century also heralded in the industrial manufacture of tube and pipe. Initially, rolled strips of sheet were formed into a circular cross section by funnel arrangements or rolls, and then butt or lap welded in the same heat (forge welding process).
Toward the end of the century, various processes became available for the manufacture of seamless tube and pipe, with production volumes rapidly increasing over a relatively short period. In spite of the application of other welding processes, the ongoing development and further improvement of the seamless techniques led to welded tube being almost completely pushed out of the market, with the result that seamless tube and pipe dominated until the Second World War.
During the subsequent period, the results of research into welding technology led to an upturn in the fortunes of the welded tube, with burgeoning development work ensuing and wide propagation of numerous tube welding processes. Currently, around two thirds of steel tube production in the world are accounted for by welding processes. Of this figure, however, about one quarter takes the form of so-called large-diameter line pipe in size ranges outside those which are economically viable in seamless tube and pipe manufacturing.
As steel pipes are made? (German comment)
The German commentary is brilliant…hopefully you understand what the speaker says and shows (-:
Seamless Tube and Pipe
The main seamless tube manufacturing processes came into being toward the end of the nineteenth century. As patent and proprietary rights expired, the various parallel developments initially pursued became less distinct and their individual forming stages were merged into new processes. Bugün, the state of the art has developed to the point where preference is given to the following modern high-performance processes:
The continuous mandrel rolling process and the push bench process in the size range from approx. 21 ile 178 mm outside diameter.
The multi-stand plug mill (MPM) with controlled (constrained) floating mandrel bar and the plug mill process in the size range from approx. 140 ile 406 mm outside diameter.
The cross roll piercing and pilger rolling process in the size range from approx. 250 ile 660 mm outside diameter.
Mandrel Mill Process
In the Mandrel Mill Process, a solid round (billet) is used. It is heated in a rotary hearth heating furnace and then pierced by a piercer. The pierced billet or hollow shell is rolled by a mandrel mill to reduce the outside diameter and wall thickness which forms a multiple length mother tube. The mother tube is reheated and further reduced to specified dimensions by the stretch reducer. The tube is then cooled, cut, straightened and subjected to finishing and inspection processes befor shipment.
* Not: Processes marked by an asterisk are conducted specification and/or customer requirements
Mannesmann plug mill process
Plug Mill Process, a solid round (billet) is used. It is uniformly heated in the rotary hearth heating furnace and then pierced by a Mannesmann piercer. The pierced billet or hollow shell is rollreduced in outside diameter and wall thickness. The rolled tube simultaneously burnished inside and outside by a reeling machine. The reeled tube is then sized by a sizing mill to the specified dimensions. From this step the tube goes through the straightener. This process completes the hot working of the tube. The tube (referred to as a mother tube) after finishing and inspection, becomes a finished product.
Welded Tube and Pipe
Ever since it became possible to manufacture strip and plate, people have constantly tried to bend the material and connect its edges in order to manufacture tube and pipe. This led to the development of the oldest welding process, that of forge-welding, which goes back over 150 yıllar.
In 1825, the British ironware merchant James Whitehouse was granted a patent for the manufacture of welded pipe. The process consisted of forging individual metal plates over a mandrel to produce an open-seam pipe, and then heating the mating edges of the open seam and welding them by pressing them together mechanically in a draw bench.
The technology evolved to the point where strip could be formed and welded in one pass in a welding furnace. The development of this butt-welding concept culminated in 1931 in the Fretz-Moon process devised by J. Moon, an American, and his German colleague Fretz.
Welding lines employing this process are still operating successfully today in the manufacture of tube up to outside diameters of approx. 114 mm. Aside from this hot pressure welding technique, in which the strip is heated in a furnace to welding temperature, several other processes were devised by the American E. Thomson between the years 1886 Ve 1890 enabling metals to be electrically welded. The basis for this was the property discovered by James P. Joule whereby passing an electric current through a conductor causes it to heat up due to its electrical resistance.
In 1898, the Standard Tool Company, USA, was granted a patent covering the application of electric resistance welding for tube and pipe manufacture. The production of electric resistance welded tube and pipe received a considerable boost in the United States, and much later in Germany, following the establishment of continuous hot strip rolling mills for the production of the bulk starting material necessary for large-scale manufacture. During the Second World War, an argon arc welding process was invented – again in the United States – which enabled the efficient welding of magnesium in aircraft construction.
As a consequence of this development, various gas-shielded welding processes were developed, predominantly for the production of stainless steel tube.Following the far-reaching developments which have occurred in the energy sector in the last 30 yıllar, and the resultant construction of large-capacity long-distance pipelines, the submerged-arc welding process has gained a position of pre-eminence for the welding of line pipe of diameters upward of approx. 500 mm.
Electric Weld Pipe Mill
Steel strip in coil, which has been slit into the required width from wide strip, is shaped by a series of forming rolls into a multiple length shell. The longitudinal edges are continously joined by high frequency resistance/induction welding.
The weld of multiple length shell is then head treated electrically, sized and cut to specified lengths by a flying cut-off machine. The cut pipe is straightened and squared at both ends.
These operations are followed by ultrasonic inspection or hydrostatic testing.
ERW SİYAH Borular. Elektrik Direnci Kaynaklı (DÖNÜM) Borular Sıcak Haddelenmiş Rulolardan Üretilmektedir / Yarıklar. Gelen tüm bobinler, kimya ve mekanik özellikleri açısından çelik fabrikasından alınan test sertifikasına göre doğrulanır.. ERW boru soğuk şekillendirilerek silindirik bir şekle dönüştürülür, sıcak şekillendirilmemiş.
Dikişsiz boru, metalin istenilen uzunlukta ekstrüde edilmesiyle üretilir.; bu nedenle ERW borusunun kesitinde kaynaklı bir bağlantı bulunur, dikişsiz borunun kesitinde uzunluğu boyunca herhangi bir bağlantı bulunmazken. Dikişsiz boruda, kaynak veya ek yeri yoktur ve sağlam yuvarlak kütüklerden üretilmiştir.
The 3 boru boyutu elemanları Karbon ve paslanmaz çelik borunun Boyut Standartları (ASME B36.10M & B36.19M) Boru Boyutu Tablosu (Takvim 40 & 80 çelik boru anlamına gelir) Nominal Boru Boyutu Ortalamaları (NPS'ler) ve Nominal Çap (DN) Çelik Boru Ölçü Tablosu (Boyut tablosu) Boru Ağırlık Sınıfı Programı (WGT)
Karbon çelik boru şok ve titreşime karşı oldukça dayanıklıdır, bu da onu suyun taşınması için ideal kılar, yağ & Karayollarının altındaki gaz ve diğer sıvılar. Boyutlar Boyut: 1/8″ ila 48″ / DN6 ila DN1200 Kalınlık: Sch 20, CYBH, 40, XS, 80, 120, 160, XXS Türü: Dikişsiz veya kaynaklı boru Yüzeyi: Astar, Pas önleyici yağ, FBE, 2PE, 3LPE Kaplı Malzeme: ASTM A106B, A53, API 5LB, X42, X46, X52, X56, X60, X65, X70 Hizmeti: Kesme, Eğim verme, Diş açma, Kanal açma, Kaplama, Galvanizleme
ASTM Uluslararası çelik boru spesifikasyonları, kazan ve kızdırıcı borular için standart gereklilikleri listelemektedir., genel servis tüpleri, rafineri hizmetinde çelik borular, ısı değiştirici ve kondenser boruları, mekanik ve yapısal borular.
The other main reason hot-dip galvanizing provides better corrosion protection is that the coating is applied during the fabrication process before the steel is installed. This means that any areas that are cut or damaged during installation will still have a protective coating. Other methods of galvanizing, like pre-galvanizing, coat the steel before it is cut and fabricated. This leaves any areas that are cut or damaged during installation vulnerable to rust and corrosion.
